David wolkowits an orphan boy and his friend Samuel escape from an orphanage because they woke up to the nazis are coming. They were 14 years old and both of them were tall and skinny looking about 16 years old and the nazis would only take men who were 16 and older. because the looked 16 they would need papers to prove that they were only14 and because they did not have papers when the were put in to the orphanage they could be token away by the nazis so before the nazis arrived they came up with a plan to escape down the buildings and run away. So with only the clothes on their back the climbed down the building leaving what they had there as they ran as fast as they could into the woods they came to a halt and took a breath. The boys talked for awhile and they decided to split up because to boys roaming the country side would be suspicious. So they went there separate ways for they knew the dangers of leaving each other as davind went right and samuel went left. They were off.
Vocabulary:
racket: a loud noise caused by something
summoned: to think of somethiing
tekking: the practice of taking multi-day hiking trips, often through rugged country
hult: to stop
spurts: gush out in a sudden and forceful stream
pages 12-24 3/25/11 (#2)
summary:
David walks from little towns to little towns stopping at places and tell a lie story that he was a boy that was left behind and that he had nothing. But as he came to a town with a priest that was jewish but no one knew he told him the truth and the priest agreed to let him stay only for him to do chores to not make the germans suspicious. So he worked on peoples farms and he got new cloths and shows and a room and hot meals when he stayed there. As the war came to an end he found out that he was the only one in his family that had lived through the war so he sent a letter to his aunt in america saying that he had no family left and that he needed a place to stay because he was alone so his aunt did everything she could to get him to america and he was put into a room were he wold wait until he was aloud to go to america as it came about his time to go to america he was sent off to his aunts. His aunt meet him and she brought him into her house and healed him back to health. She told him to forget about his memories there because he can have good loving memories there with her.
vocabulary:
sympathetic: to feel sympathy
fib: a lie
courier: a messanger
haunting: a regret something you can never let go
gestapo: like police
Pages 25-35 4/5/11
"Ill Live To See You Pay For Your Crimes" (#3)
Alicia Jurman
summary:
Alicia is a girl that lived in Germany during the Holocaust she was 9 years old when he town was over came by the Nazis and now she is 12 years old. three brothers had been murdered and her father missing feared dead. All the remains is her mother and her little brother and her. As Alicia was walking home after going down to the pump to get water she had just entered her home and heard a bang on the door she answered it and the Nazi police were there they asked for her mother Frieda Jurman and because she made a promise to herself promising that she would do what ever it takes to protect what she had left of a family and because she was wrapped up from the harsh winter winds you could not tell she was a little girl so she had said yes thats me and they took her away to a jail sell. As she arrived she met more people in the cell. As the nazis came into to take the people for death they had to sign a paper saying that the had made it there and as she came up to sign the paper she had known the police officer that was there he was suppose to be a close friend to the family and turned out to be a trader and he recognized her rite away and told her she was not suppose to be there. So he told her to get down on her knees and beg for that she was a child and was mistaken for her mother but she told him that she would never do that she wanted to protect her family. So she was sent to a concentration camp. as she came to the yard she was yelled at by the prisoners and that she had to take off her clothes and jewelry. And because she did not get an earring off rite away the guard tore the earring out ripping her ear lope.
Vocabulary:
Sleigh: a type of ride pulled by a horse or horses that is used in Winter
Berated: to snap to become angry in emotions
Decorated Hero: someone who is highly preciated and has one a lot of awards for being a hero to the people
Snarling: in other words crazy
Aktion: the german word for rounding up of the jews for deportation or murder
pages 35-45 (#4)
Summary:
After they ripped her ear lope and throw her back in the cell she was beaten and than she got back in and crawled up in a ball in the corner. She was just sitting there saying to her self that she could make it do it for her and her family. After awhile of almost starving to death a officer came in with a bucket of water and told them to drink as much as the want and everyone raced for the bucket but little did they know that they had contaminated water and that they would end up with typhoid fever and that they were only being brought back into the ghetto to get everyone else sick and make them all die. But before that happened everyone in the cell was sick and she was to so she crawled back into her corner and tried to fall asleep barley hanging on for her life she got a quick burst of energy and said that she will live to see them pay for their crimes. Just as she said that she had passed out and a couple days later the guards found her and thought she was dead and they put her into the pile of dead people to be buried but a good well respected man had picked her up and herd her groan so he took her and buried her so where she could still breath and than later that night after everyone had gone to sleep he snuck back in and took her out and brought her to his home there with his wife they nursed her back to health she had been in a coma for 14 days. after she was back to her normal health she had remembered what her mom had told her that if her family was to be split to return home.
vocabulary:
resistance: to not give in
Montmorency: a suburb in Paris
nazi Germany: the days when nazis took over germany
Imprisonment: to be in prison
Typhoid Fever: a type of fever that can cause death if not token care of right
pages 40-45 4/7/11 (#5)
Summary:
As she returned home she had found that her mother wasnt there so she went next door to her trusted neighbors house and they said that she could stay there but not for long or it would become ver suspicouse. So she had only stayed there for 2 days and left to go to the woods they sent her with a couple peices or bread and a sack of patatoes.As she ran to the woods she stole a shovel and dug a hole in the ground giving her a place to stay and hid she had covered it in leaves and brances of trees and other things she could find she hid out there for a weak. One day she woke up to children and they were playing she knew one of the girls from school and she had with her, her 2 cousins one a boy of an age around 10 and another a girl around age 12. The boy was running and fell into the whole and landed on alicia as they both screamed he say something shiny on her finger a ring as he damanded her to give him the ring she sa no and he fought it off of her.As the kids left she fell asleep cry and she had herd a voice in her dream she thought it was the voice of her mother telling her to wake up.little did she know it that her mother had returned home 2 days after she left and went to the next door neighbors and they had sent her away so her mother wondering the woods for 2 weeks looking for her daughter had found her and they were reuntied once again.
Vocabulary:
Demand: to make someone do something
Reunited: to be together again.
Liquidated: to be gone
Joints: a part of the body
Fodor: a large medow by a river.
Pages 45-55 4/20/11 (#6)
summary:
As they were reuinited again they went into hiding where the next door neighbors ratted them out again. So as they nazis came they were yelling all jews out NOW. So they went outside and got told to line up and her mother was took away and alicia was sent to a holding sell at the jail with all girls her age she knew one of them from school and they talked for a lil bit and the girl had told her that in the river is a hollow tree that if you go under the water theres an opening in the tree that you can hind in. So when the girls were told to line up the two girls were at the end so they could run away into the river. well before they could line up the girl lost her mind and didnt know what tthey were talking about. So when it was time to run alicia ran as hard and as fast as she could and she ran to the river and found the tree climbed up in it and hind for days till the nazis to be captured and she ended up surving the holocaust.
vocabulary:
Ratting: to tattle
Mushroomed: Increase, spread, or develop rapidly.
Spearheading: an attack or movement
Wandered: to be adventurous
Aimlessly: without aim
pages 56-65 4/27/11
"Mama, its the gas chamber" (#7)
-Judi Beker.
Summary: .
judi beker is 12 years old and she's a jew her family has been ordered for deportation her mother brother and 2 sisters are with her. they were forced by the nazis to go to the ghetto there they were overcrowded with all the 30,000 jews that were crowded in there.when Judi got there she was confused about why it was happening to her.After a couple of months she met a man that asked her sneak out of the ghetto and smuggle food back into the place well she said yes and she was doing very good until one night she was caught and was hit very hard and warned that if she was to be caught again she was to be killed immediately.
Vocabulary:
Smuggle: the transportation of goods to a forbidden place where there not supposed to be.
Challah: a braided bread.
Command: an order
Quiver: to shake in fear or cold etc
Infamous: famous in a bad way. A bad reputation.
Pages 66-70 4/17/11 (#8)
Summary: After awhile she was sent to a camp with her sisters and mother. her mother and sisters were sent to a chair where they where to be shaved and all their hair was to be cut off and when it was her turn as she sat in the chair she realized that they were not going to cut her hair with shavers they were going to rip her hair off of her scalp with their hands. After she was down getting her hair ripped out she was thrown in a room where she cried herself to sleep.
Vocabulary:
Shaved: to cut something
epidemic: upon or above
gas chamber: where people were sent to be gassed to their death.
primitive: culture in something
dazing: a city in northern poland.
Pages 70-75 2/27/11(#9)
Summary: As she woke up she was waiting there to see what was going to happen and nazi came in and yelled for her mother and her sister was sick and in the infirmary at this time so she asked her mother if she could go with her and her mother said yes. As they were walking out of the place they thought they were going to go to a special job but it turned out they were heading to the gas chambers and thats when Judi said "mama its the gas chambers." they walked up to the line of people heading for their deaths and they seen the workers pulling out the last batch of dead people from the gassings. They waited and waited to see what was going to happen.
Vocabulary:
Occasionally: once in awhile Flinched: to move in a quick motion Infirmary: a place where they keep people to get better Composure:the state of being calm and in control of oneself Stranglehold: complet or overwhelming control
Pages 75-82 2/28/11 (#10)
It was almost time for them to go into the gas chambers when bomb plaines flew over the camp and the nazis were making the people go on death marches. As they were walking for miles and miles another bomb plain flew over them and started bombing the nazis judi and her sister now well jumped into the ditch holding each other as tight as they could. Everyone was running in different ways germans were diving to the ground for their lives. After the bombing the alive germans started gathering up the jews and the girls stayed there until they knew they were safe the say a barn with a light and they ran towards it their were people there that were really nice to them that let them stay there but they told the girls they couldn't stay there anymore so the ind ladies put clothes on them and sent them across the river to another persons house. Time and time went bye and the girls almost got caught but after awhile they were injured because they where staying with abusive people. The day came when they were going to run away and they did but they ran right to the ocean where the almost froze to death but before they could they were saved by they soviet union.
Vocabulary:
Traumatize: to scare to death or to stay in the stage of fear.
Einsatzgruppen: A nazi killing squad
Unconscious: half dead ;not to be fully alive.
Vessel: larger than a row boat( its a boat)
Refugee: a person who has been forced to leave his or her home and seek refuge elsewhere.
Pages 83-103 "We must find a way to escape from here!" (#11)
-Halina Litman
Summary: Halina Litman is a girl and her father left and was captured by the germans they thought her was a spy. her mother and her just born little sister Ewa were hiding when they found out that the germans where coming so they went into hiding. After awhile into hiding her family split up and than they ended up back together. They got papers forged to them saying that they were nit jewish that they were catholic and they got on a train and where heading to a town with a priest that would help them but on the train cart the family was with a man that kept asking them for more and more of their history and her kept asking her if she was jewish and she kept telling him no but after awhile she thought she knew him and kinda trusted him and then told him that yes they were jewish and he told them that he was a german nazi supporter and that her was going to have to turn them in because it was his job. Mamusiu asked the man if her and her daughters could be shot rite away because she wouldn't be able to stand being separated from them. After they for off the train all the girls begged for him to let her go. he was not listing to them but after walking a bit mamusiu asked him if he had any children himself and they stopped she continued and said why would you want to kill three innocent people? He just than agreed to let them go and as he walked and disappeared they found their self with no money or clothes because they gave it all to him to make him let them go. They had no place to go, they were stranded. So because of the ransum they survived the holocaust.
vocabulary: Forged: to give someone something without recognition. Mamusiu: a name given to a jewish mother Gestapo Headquarters: the gestapo's main place their meeting point Ewa: pronounced eva Dogfight: fights between people.
pages 103-130 "Im Not Ready To DIE" (12)
-Eddie Weinstein.
Summary:
Eddie Weisntein and his little brother and mom were rounded up and tooken hostage by the Nazis the mom was tooken away from the boys and the boys had to march 12 miles. When they reached to 12th mile they were put into a ghetto. They had no water and people were deing of thirst and eventually they let a firetruck hose down them. Eddie yelled at his brother to take off his shirt and get it wet.After a few nights they were all hearded a cattle car well the ones still alive and they were sent to a camp for death.There they heard there mom was still alive but it still wasnt doing anything they were headed for death when they ran into their aunt. A few days later they new a man that had an escape plan and that they could go with him and they did they plan was to sneak into the cattle cars and hid in the clothes and to escape and thats just what they did.As they went by stop and stop they jumped out the window and they saw an old man hearding his cows and he helped them live through the holocaust.
Vocabulary:
peered: To look
regain: to have something back
consciousness: To not by unconsciuose?
posing:To hold a particular position
agony:extreme Physical or mental Suffering.
Escape (Children Of The Holocaust)
-Allan Zullo
pages 1-11 3/24/11
" I Wont Let The Nazis Take Me!" (#1)
David Wolkowits
Summary:
David wolkowits an orphan boy and his friend Samuel escape from an orphanage because they woke up to the nazis are coming. They were 14 years old and both of them were tall and skinny looking about 16 years old and the nazis would only take men who were 16 and older. because the looked 16 they would need papers to prove that they were only14 and because they did not have papers when the were put in to the orphanage they could be token away by the nazis so before the nazis arrived they came up with a plan to escape down the buildings and run away. So with only the clothes on their back the climbed down the building leaving what they had there as they ran as fast as they could into the woods they came to a halt and took a breath. The boys talked for awhile and they decided to split up because to boys roaming the country side would be suspicious. So they went there separate ways for they knew the dangers of leaving each other as davind went right and samuel went left. They were off.Vocabulary:
racket: a loud noise caused by something
summoned: to think of somethiingtekking: the practice of taking multi-day hiking trips, often through rugged country
hult: to stop
spurts: gush out in a sudden and forceful stream
pages 12-24 3/25/11 (#2)
summary:
David walks from little towns to little towns stopping at places and tell a lie story that he was a boy that was left behind and that he had nothing. But as he came to a town with a priest that was jewish but no one knew he told him the truth and the priest agreed to let him stay only for him to do chores to not make the germans suspicious. So he worked on peoples farms and he got new cloths and shows and a room and hot meals when he stayed there. As the war came to an end he found out that he was the only one in his family that had lived through the war so he sent a letter to his aunt in america saying that he had no family left and that he needed a place to stay because he was alone so his aunt did everything she could to get him to america and he was put into a room were he wold wait until he was aloud to go to america as it came about his time to go to america he was sent off to his aunts. His aunt meet him and she brought him into her house and healed him back to health. She told him to forget about his memories there because he can have good loving memories there with her.vocabulary:
sympathetic: to feel sympathyfib: a lie
courier: a messanger
haunting: a regret something you can never let go
gestapo: like police
Pages 25-35 4/5/11
"Ill Live To See You Pay For Your Crimes" (#3)
Alicia Jurman
summary:
Alicia is a girl that lived in Germany during the Holocaust she was 9 years old when he town was over came by the Nazis and now she is 12 years old. three brothers had been murdered and her father missing feared dead. All the remains is her mother and her little brother and her. As Alicia was walking home after going down to the pump to get water she had just entered her home and heard a bang on the door she answered it and the Nazi police were there they asked for her mother Frieda Jurman and because she made a promise to herself promising that she would do what ever it takes to protect what she had left of a family and because she was wrapped up from the harsh winter winds you could not tell she was a little girl so she had said yes thats me and they took her away to a jail sell. As she arrived she met more people in the cell. As the nazis came into to take the people for death they had to sign a paper saying that the had made it there and as she came up to sign the paper she had known the police officer that was there he was suppose to be a close friend to the family and turned out to be a trader and he recognized her rite away and told her she was not suppose to be there. So he told her to get down on her knees and beg for that she was a child and was mistaken for her mother but she told him that she would never do that she wanted to protect her family. So she was sent to a concentration camp. as she came to the yard she was yelled at by the prisoners and that she had to take off her clothes and jewelry. And because she did not get an earring off rite away the guard tore the earring out ripping her ear lope.Vocabulary:
Sleigh: a type of ride pulled by a horse or horses that is used in WinterBerated: to snap to become angry in emotions
Decorated Hero: someone who is highly preciated and has one a lot of awards for being a hero to the people
Snarling: in other words crazy
Aktion: the german word for rounding up of the jews for deportation or murder
pages 35-45 (#4)
Summary:
After they ripped her ear lope and throw her back in the cell she was beaten and than she got back in and crawled up in a ball in the corner. She was just sitting there saying to her self that she could make it do it for her and her family. After awhile of almost starving to death a officer came in with a bucket of water and told them to drink as much as the want and everyone raced for the bucket but little did they know that they had contaminated water and that they would end up with typhoid fever and that they were only being brought back into the ghetto to get everyone else sick and make them all die. But before that happened everyone in the cell was sick and she was to so she crawled back into her corner and tried to fall asleep barley hanging on for her life she got a quick burst of energy and said that she will live to see them pay for their crimes. Just as she said that she had passed out and a couple days later the guards found her and thought she was dead and they put her into the pile of dead people to be buried but a good well respected man had picked her up and herd her groan so he took her and buried her so where she could still breath and than later that night after everyone had gone to sleep he snuck back in and took her out and brought her to his home there with his wife they nursed her back to health she had been in a coma for 14 days. after she was back to her normal health she had remembered what her mom had told her that if her family was to be split to return home.vocabulary:
resistance: to not give inMontmorency: a suburb in Paris
nazi Germany: the days when nazis took over germany
Imprisonment: to be in prison
Typhoid Fever: a type of fever that can cause death if not token care of right
pages 40-45 4/7/11 (#5)
Summary:
As she returned home she had found that her mother wasnt there so she went next door to her trusted neighbors house and they said that she could stay there but not for long or it would become ver suspicouse. So she had only stayed there for 2 days and left to go to the woods they sent her with a couple peices or bread and a sack of patatoes.As she ran to the woods she stole a shovel and dug a hole in the ground giving her a place to stay and hid she had covered it in leaves and brances of trees and other things she could find she hid out there for a weak. One day she woke up to children and they were playing she knew one of the girls from school and she had with her, her 2 cousins one a boy of an age around 10 and another a girl around age 12. The boy was running and fell into the whole and landed on alicia as they both screamed he say something shiny on her finger a ring as he damanded her to give him the ring she sa no and he fought it off of her.As the kids left she fell asleep cry and she had herd a voice in her dream she thought it was the voice of her mother telling her to wake up.little did she know it that her mother had returned home 2 days after she left and went to the next door neighbors and they had sent her away so her mother wondering the woods for 2 weeks looking for her daughter had found her and they were reuntied once again.Vocabulary:
Demand: to make someone do somethingReunited: to be together again.
Liquidated: to be gone
Joints: a part of the body
Fodor: a large medow by a river.
Pages 45-55 4/20/11 (#6)
summary:
As they were reuinited again they went into hiding where the next door neighbors ratted them out again. So as they nazis came they were yelling all jews out NOW. So they went outside and got told to line up and her mother was took away and alicia was sent to a holding sell at the jail with all girls her age she knew one of them from school and they talked for a lil bit and the girl had told her that in the river is a hollow tree that if you go under the water theres an opening in the tree that you can hind in. So when the girls were told to line up the two girls were at the end so they could run away into the river. well before they could line up the girl lost her mind and didnt know what tthey were talking about. So when it was time to run alicia ran as hard and as fast as she could and she ran to the river and found the tree climbed up in it and hind for days till the nazis to be captured and she ended up surving the holocaust.vocabulary:
Ratting: to tattleMushroomed: Increase, spread, or develop rapidly.
Spearheading: an attack or movement
Wandered: to be adventurous
Aimlessly: without aim
pages 56-65 4/27/11
"Mama, its the gas chamber" (#7)
-Judi Beker.
Summary: .judi beker is 12 years old and she's a jew her family has been ordered for deportation her mother brother and 2 sisters are with her. they were forced by the nazis to go to the ghetto there they were overcrowded with all the 30,000 jews that were crowded in there.when Judi got there she was confused about why it was happening to her.After a couple of months she met a man that asked her sneak out of the ghetto and smuggle food back into the place well she said yes and she was doing very good until one night she was caught and was hit very hard and warned that if she was to be caught again she was to be killed immediately.
Vocabulary:
Smuggle: the transportation of goods to a forbidden place where there not supposed to be.Challah: a braided bread.
Command: an order
Quiver: to shake in fear or cold etc
Infamous: famous in a bad way. A bad reputation.
Pages 66-70 4/17/11 (#8)
Summary: After awhile she was sent to a camp with her sisters and mother. her mother and sisters were sent to a chair where they where to be shaved and all their hair was to be cut off and when it was her turn as she sat in the chair she realized that they were not going to cut her hair with shavers they were going to rip her hair off of her scalp with their hands. After she was down getting her hair ripped out she was thrown in a room where she cried herself to sleep.
Vocabulary:
Shaved: to cut somethingepidemic: upon or above
gas chamber: where people were sent to be gassed to their death.
primitive: culture in something
dazing: a city in northern poland.
Pages 70-75 2/27/11(#9)
Summary: As she woke up she was waiting there to see what was going to happen and nazi came in and yelled for her mother and her sister was sick and in the infirmary at this time so she asked her mother if she could go with her and her mother said yes. As they were walking out of the place they thought they were going to go to a special job but it turned out they were heading to the gas chambers and thats when Judi said "mama its the gas chambers." they walked up to the line of people heading for their deaths and they seen the workers pulling out the last batch of dead people from the gassings. They waited and waited to see what was going to happen.
Vocabulary:
Occasionally: once in awhileFlinched: to move in a quick motion
Infirmary: a place where they keep people to get better
Composure:the state of being calm and in control of oneself
Stranglehold: complet or overwhelming control
Pages 75-82 2/28/11 (#10)
It was almost time for them to go into the gas chambers when bomb plaines flew over the camp and the nazis were making the people go on death marches. As they were walking for miles and miles another bomb plain flew over them and started bombing the nazis judi and her sister now well jumped into the ditch holding each other as tight as they could. Everyone was running in different ways germans were diving to the ground for their lives. After the bombing the alive germans started gathering up the jews and the girls stayed there until they knew they were safe the say a barn with a light and they ran towards it their were people there that were really nice to them that let them stay there but they told the girls they couldn't stay there anymore so the ind ladies put clothes on them and sent them across the river to another persons house. Time and time went bye and the girls almost got caught but after awhile they were injured because they where staying with abusive people. The day came when they were going to run away and they did but they ran right to the ocean where the almost froze to death but before they could they were saved by they soviet union.Vocabulary:
Traumatize: to scare to death or to stay in the stage of fear.Einsatzgruppen: A nazi killing squad
Unconscious: half dead ;not to be fully alive.
Vessel: larger than a row boat( its a boat)
Refugee: a person who has been forced to leave his or her home and seek refuge elsewhere.
Pages 83-103 "We must find a way to escape from here!" (#11)
-Halina Litman
Summary: Halina Litman is a girl and her father left and was captured by the germans they thought her was a spy. her mother and her just born little sister Ewa were hiding when they found out that the germans where coming so they went into hiding. After awhile into hiding her family split up and than they ended up back together. They got papers forged to them saying that they were nit jewish that they were catholic and they got on a train and where heading to a town with a priest that would help them but on the train cart the family was with a man that kept asking them for more and more of their history and her kept asking her if she was jewish and she kept telling him no but after awhile she thought she knew him and kinda trusted him and then told him that yes they were jewish and he told them that he was a german nazi supporter and that her was going to have to turn them in because it was his job. Mamusiu asked the man if her and her daughters could be shot rite away because she wouldn't be able to stand being separated from them. After they for off the train all the girls begged for him to let her go. he was not listing to them but after walking a bit mamusiu asked him if he had any children himself and they stopped she continued and said why would you want to kill three innocent people? He just than agreed to let them go and as he walked and disappeared they found their self with no money or clothes because they gave it all to him to make him let them go. They had no place to go, they were stranded. So because of the ransum they survived the holocaust.
vocabulary:
Forged: to give someone something without recognition.
Mamusiu: a name given to a jewish mother
Gestapo Headquarters: the gestapo's main place their meeting point
Ewa: pronounced eva
Dogfight: fights between people.
pages 103-130 "Im Not Ready To DIE" (12)
-Eddie Weinstein.
Summary:
Eddie Weisntein and his little brother and mom were rounded up and tooken hostage by the Nazis the mom was tooken away from the boys and the boys had to march 12 miles. When they reached to 12th mile they were put into a ghetto. They had no water and people were deing of thirst and eventually they let a firetruck hose down them. Eddie yelled at his brother to take off his shirt and get it wet.After a few nights they were all hearded a cattle car well the ones still alive and they were sent to a camp for death.There they heard there mom was still alive but it still wasnt doing anything they were headed for death when they ran into their aunt. A few days later they new a man that had an escape plan and that they could go with him and they did they plan was to sneak into the cattle cars and hid in the clothes and to escape and thats just what they did.As they went by stop and stop they jumped out the window and they saw an old man hearding his cows and he helped them live through the holocaust.Vocabulary:
peered: To lookregain: to have something back
consciousness: To not by unconsciuose?
posing:To hold a particular position
agony:extreme Physical or mental Suffering.
pages 130-150 "Run! Run For Your Lifes" (13)
-Gideon Frieder
Summary: